7+ Funny People of Walmart Calendar Ideas 2024


7+ Funny People of Walmart Calendar Ideas 2024

A novelty calendar that includes images of people noticed in Walmart shops, usually dressed unconventionally or exhibiting uncommon habits, has develop into a recognizable cultural phenomenon. These calendars sometimes showcase a curated number of pictures sourced from web sites and social media platforms devoted to documenting such sightings. They function a humorous commentary on modern society and shopper tradition.

The recognition of any such calendar displays a broader fascination with on a regular basis eccentricities and the human aspect inside massive retail environments. It faucets into the humor derived from the surprising and the juxtaposition of the mundane with the outlandish. Whereas doubtlessly controversial as a result of privateness issues and potential ridicule of the people depicted, the phenomenon has endured, changing into a recurring theme in on-line humor and discussions about social norms. The calendar format itself gives a structured and simply shareable medium for this explicit model of observational comedy.

This exploration will delve additional into the societal influence of this phenomenon, inspecting its origins, moral implications, and function in shaping perceptions of public areas and particular person expression. Extra matters embrace the evolution of on-line humor, the function of images in documenting social traits, and the authorized and moral issues surrounding unauthorized images and its dissemination.

1. Humor

Humor performs a central function within the “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon. The perceived humor usually derives from incongruity the surprising juxtaposition of unconventional apparel or habits throughout the mundane setting of a retail atmosphere. This incongruity can manifest in a number of kinds, equivalent to uncommon clothes selections, surprising social interactions, or unconventional makes use of of procuring carts. The perceived violation of social norms, coupled with the assumed obliviousness of the people concerned, contributes to the comedic impact. For instance, a person sporting pajamas to buy groceries is perhaps perceived as humorous because of the mismatch between apparel and site. Equally, somebody struggling to navigate an outsized merchandise by means of crowded aisles may elicit amusement because of the perceived absurdity of the state of affairs. The humor depends on a shared understanding of social expectations and the amusement derived from witnessing their transgression.

Nevertheless, the reliance on incongruity as a supply of humor raises moral questions. Whereas some conditions is perhaps inherently comical, the humor usually stems from mocking or belittling people for his or her look or habits. This may reinforce destructive stereotypes and contribute to a tradition of public shaming. The accessibility of digital camera telephones and social media platforms exacerbates this subject, enabling fast dissemination of pictures with out the consent of these depicted. Distinguishing between genuinely humorous conditions and people who exploit or demean people is essential for accountable engagement with any such content material. As an illustration, a picture of somebody with an uncommon coiffure is perhaps seen as humorous by some however may be perceived as insensitive or disrespectful.

Understanding the function of humor on this context requires cautious consideration of its moral implications. Whereas humor can function a social commentary, it should be employed responsibly and keep away from contributing to hurt or discrimination. Important evaluation of the motivations behind each the creation and consumption of such content material is important for navigating the advanced interaction between humor, social norms, and particular person dignity throughout the digital panorama. This entails recognizing that the pursuit of humor mustn’t come on the expense of particular person respect and privateness.

2. Social Commentary

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon, whereas usually introduced as easy leisure, will be interpreted as a type of social commentary, albeit a fancy and doubtlessly problematic one. It displays societal attitudes in direction of class, consumerism, and social norms throughout the particular context of a big retail atmosphere frequented by a various cross-section of the inhabitants. Walmart, as a ubiquitous image of American shopper tradition, gives a backdrop towards which societal anxieties and prejudices are projected. The calendar’s humor usually depends on highlighting deviations from perceived norms of gown, habits, and bodily look, reflecting societal biases and anxieties surrounding financial inequality and social mobility. For instance, pictures of people in unconventional apparel is perhaps interpreted as reflecting anxieties about altering social norms or financial hardship. Equally, pictures of people participating in uncommon habits is perhaps seen as reflecting anxieties about social deviance or psychological well being.

Nevertheless, the social commentary embedded throughout the “individuals of Walmart calendar” is usually unintentional and lacks the nuance and depth of deliberate social critique. The give attention to particular person eccentricities can overshadow broader systemic points associated to poverty, entry to assets, and social assist programs. Whereas the pictures may seize glimpses of social realities, they usually lack the context mandatory for significant understanding. Moreover, the potential for ridicule and exploitation inherent within the unauthorized images and dissemination of those pictures undermines the potential for constructive social dialogue. As an illustration, whereas a picture of somebody struggling to afford groceries might spark a dialog about financial hardship, the context is usually lacking, and the main focus shifts in direction of particular person mockery slightly than systemic critique.

Finally, the “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon provides a glimpse into societal perceptions and anxieties, however its effectiveness as social commentary is proscribed by its reliance on humor derived from particular person variations and its potential for exploitation. Whereas it could actually spark conversations about social norms and financial disparities, it usually fails to interact with these points in a significant or constructive method. Important evaluation of the underlying assumptions and biases embedded inside this phenomenon is important for discerning its potential for social commentary from its potential for hurt. This requires acknowledging the advanced interaction of humor, social critique, and particular person dignity throughout the context of shopper tradition and public areas.

3. Privateness Issues

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon raises vital privateness issues, significantly concerning the unauthorized images and distribution of pictures of people in a public house. Whereas authorized precedent usually permits images in public areas, the moral implications of capturing and sharing pictures with out consent, particularly when these pictures are used for humor or ridicule, are advanced and deserve cautious consideration. The expectation of privateness inside a retail atmosphere like Walmart differs considerably from that of a very public house like a park or road, including one other layer of complexity to the problem.

  • Lack of Consent

    People photographed for inclusion in these calendars are hardly ever, if ever, requested for his or her consent. This lack of consent basically undermines their autonomy and proper to manage their very own picture. The belief that merely being in a public house negates any expectation of privateness is a flawed interpretation of privateness rights. The aim of being in a retailer is to buy, to not develop into the topic of on-line mockery. As an illustration, somebody attempting on garments in a becoming room might need an inexpensive expectation of privateness, despite the fact that they’re technically in a public house. Capturing and sharing pictures with out consent disregards this expectation and may trigger vital emotional misery.

  • Context and Misinterpretation

    Pictures taken out of context can simply be misconstrued. A picture capturing a fleeting second is perhaps interpreted as consultant of a person’s character or circumstances, resulting in unfair judgments and on-line shaming. For instance, {a photograph} of somebody sporting stained clothes is perhaps shared for comedic impact, with out acknowledging that the person is perhaps experiencing monetary hardship or dealing with different challenges. This lack of context can perpetuate dangerous stereotypes and contribute to on-line harassment.

  • Potential for Hurt

    The widespread dissemination of those pictures by means of social media and on-line platforms amplifies the potential for hurt. People featured in these calendars can develop into the goal of on-line ridicule, harassment, and even cyberbullying. This may have extreme penalties for his or her psychological well being, popularity, and general well-being. The anonymity afforded by the web can embolden people to interact in hurtful habits they may not in any other case exhibit in face-to-face interactions. The potential for viral unfold additional exacerbates the problem, making it tough to manage the narrative and mitigate the harm.

  • Industrial Exploitation

    The creation and sale of “individuals of Walmart” calendars characterize a business exploitation of people’ pictures with out their consent. Benefiting from the unauthorized use of somebody’s likeness raises moral questions on mental property rights and the commodification of on a regular basis life. This business facet provides one other layer of complexity to the privateness issues, because it incentivizes the continued seize and dissemination of those pictures for monetary achieve.

These interconnected privateness issues spotlight the moral challenges posed by the “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon. The act of photographing and sharing pictures with out consent, significantly for the aim of humor or revenue, disregards particular person dignity and autonomy. Whereas authorized frameworks surrounding images in public areas may allow such practices, the moral implications stay vital and necessitate a broader dialog in regards to the boundaries of privateness within the digital age. This dialog should take into account the facility dynamics inherent in capturing and sharing pictures of susceptible people and the potential for hurt that arises from the unchecked dissemination of those pictures on-line. This underscores the necessity for higher consciousness and sensitivity concerning privateness rights throughout the context of on-line humor and social commentary.

4. Client Tradition

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon provides a singular lens by means of which to look at the complexities of shopper tradition. Walmart, as one of many world’s largest retailers, serves as a microcosm of latest consumerism, attracting a various clientele with its huge choice and low costs. The calendar’s give attention to unconventional appearances and behaviors inside this consumerist setting highlights the tensions between particular person expression and societal expectations throughout the market.

  • Commodification of On a regular basis Life

    The act of photographing and sharing pictures of Walmart customers transforms on a regular basis procuring routines right into a type of leisure commodity. This commodification extends past the people depicted to embody the complete retail expertise, turning the mundane act of buying groceries right into a supply of amusement and on-line spectacle. The calendar itself represents an extra commodification, packaging these pictures for revenue and perpetuating the cycle of consumption. This highlights the pervasive nature of shopper tradition, the place even probably the most mundane facets of every day life can develop into topic to business exploitation.

  • The Spectacle of Consumption

    Walmart, with its huge aisles and various clientele, gives a stage for the spectacle of consumption. The “individuals of Walmart calendar” capitalizes on this spectacle, remodeling the act of procuring right into a type of public efficiency. The give attention to unconventional appearances and behaviors reinforces the notion that consumption shouldn’t be merely about buying items but additionally about performing identification and social standing throughout the market. The calendar’s recognition suggests a broader societal fascination with observing and judging the consumption habits of others.

  • Social Class and Consumerism

    The “individuals of Walmart calendar” usually implicitly reinforces stereotypes about social class and shopper habits. The humor incessantly derives from depictions of people perceived as belonging to decrease socioeconomic teams, perpetuating dangerous narratives about poverty and shopper selections. This reinforces the affiliation between financial standing and perceived social acceptability throughout the shopper panorama. The calendar’s give attention to unconventional appearances will be interpreted as a type of class-based judgment, reinforcing present social hierarchies.

  • The Phantasm of Alternative

    Whereas Walmart promotes the phantasm of limitless selection by means of its huge product choices, the “individuals of Walmart calendar” highlights the constraints and contradictions inherent in shopper tradition. The give attention to particular person eccentricities inside a standardized retail atmosphere underscores the stress between particular person expression and the homogenizing forces of mass consumption. The calendar means that true individuality is perhaps expressed not by means of shopper selections however by means of deviations from established norms of look and habits throughout the shopper panorama.

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” provides a fancy and sometimes contradictory commentary on shopper tradition. Whereas seemingly celebrating particular person expression, it concurrently reinforces social hierarchies and perpetuates stereotypes about class and consumption. By inspecting the interaction of those elements, the calendar gives a invaluable, albeit problematic, lens by means of which to grasp the pervasive affect of consumerism on modern society. It underscores the methods by which shopper tradition shapes not solely our buying choices but additionally our perceptions of ourselves and others throughout the market.

5. Voyeurism

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon intrinsically connects with the idea of voyeurism, elevating advanced moral questions on commentary, judgment, and the boundaries of private and non-private areas. The act of photographing and sharing pictures of people with out their data or consent transforms on a regular basis procuring routines right into a spectacle for the amusement of others. This dynamic creates an unequal energy relationship between the observer and the noticed, elevating issues about exploitation and the commodification of particular person experiences.

  • The Gaze and Energy Dynamics

    Voyeurism entails an influence imbalance the place the observer holds management over the gaze, subjecting the noticed to scrutiny with out their consent. Within the context of the “individuals of Walmart calendar,” this energy dynamic is amplified by the anonymity of the photographer and the potential for widespread dissemination of the pictures on-line. The people photographed are sometimes unaware of the commentary and unable to problem or management the narrative constructed round their picture. This act of capturing and sharing pictures with out consent transforms people into objects of amusement, reinforcing present social hierarchies and energy imbalances.

  • The Public vs. Non-public Sphere

    Whereas Walmart is a public house, the expectation of privateness inside a retail atmosphere differs considerably from that of a very public house like a park or road. People engaged within the act of procuring are usually not essentially consenting to be photographed or to have their pictures shared on-line for the amusement of others. The “individuals of Walmart calendar” blurs the traces between private and non-private, remodeling on a regular basis routines right into a public spectacle and elevating questions in regards to the moral limits of commentary in business areas.

  • The Position of Know-how

    The proliferation of digital camera telephones and social media platforms has considerably amplified the attain and influence of voyeuristic practices. The convenience with which pictures will be captured and shared on-line creates a tradition of surveillance and public scrutiny, the place on a regular basis moments will be immediately remodeled into on-line content material. Within the context of the “individuals of Walmart calendar,” expertise facilitates the fast dissemination of pictures with out consent, exacerbating the potential for hurt and exploitation.

  • The Ethics of Amusement

    The “individuals of Walmart calendar” raises moral questions in regards to the nature of amusement and the extent to which humor will be derived from the commentary and judgment of others. Whereas some may argue that the pictures are merely innocent enjoyable, the potential for ridicule, shaming, and exploitation undermines this declare. The act of deriving amusement from the unauthorized commentary of people in susceptible conditions raises issues about empathy, social accountability, and the potential for dehumanization.

The connection between voyeurism and the “individuals of Walmart calendar” underscores the moral complexities of commentary and illustration within the digital age. The act of remodeling on a regular basis people into objects of amusement raises important questions on privateness, consent, and the social accountability of each photographers and shoppers of any such content material. The calendar serves as a stark reminder of the potential for expertise to amplify voyeuristic tendencies and the significance of important engagement with the moral implications of on-line humor and social commentary. It challenges viewers to contemplate the facility dynamics inherent within the act of commentary and the potential for hurt that may come up from the unauthorized seize and dissemination of pictures in public areas.

6. Public vs. Non-public

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon forces a confrontation with the more and more blurred traces between private and non-private areas within the digital age. Whereas Walmart is undeniably a public setting, accessible to all, the expectation of privateness inside a business atmosphere differs considerably from that of a very public house like a park or road. Clients enter a retailer with the first goal of procuring, to not develop into unwitting topics of public commentary and potential on-line ridicule. The act of photographing people inside this context, significantly with out their data or consent, raises advanced questions in regards to the moral boundaries of commentary and the evolving nature of privateness in a society saturated with digital camera telephones and social media platforms. This distinction between public accessibility and particular person privateness is central to understanding the moral complexities of the calendar.

One key aspect of this pressure lies within the inherent vulnerability of people inside a retail setting. Clients are sometimes targeted on their procuring duties, navigating crowded aisles and deciding on merchandise, making them much less conscious of their environment and extra vulnerable to unnoticed commentary. Moreover, the act of procuring itself can contain moments of vulnerability, equivalent to attempting on garments or buying private care objects. The “individuals of Walmart calendar” usually capitalizes on these moments of vulnerability, remodeling on a regular basis procuring routines into fodder for on-line leisure. As an illustration, {a photograph} of somebody struggling to handle a big buy or sporting unconventional apparel is perhaps shared on-line for comedic impact, doubtlessly subjecting the person to public ridicule and embarrassment. This exploitation of vulnerability underscores the moral challenges posed by the calendar’s disregard for particular person privateness inside a business setting.

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” finally challenges conventional notions of privateness within the public sphere. Whereas authorized precedent sometimes permits images in public areas, the moral issues surrounding the unauthorized seize and dissemination of pictures, significantly for the aim of humor or ridicule, stay advanced and contested. The calendar’s recognition underscores the necessity for higher societal consciousness and dialogue concerning the evolving boundaries of privateness within the digital age and the moral tasks related to capturing and sharing pictures of others. The potential for hurt, each emotional and reputational, ensuing from the unauthorized dissemination of those pictures necessitates a important examination of the steadiness between freedom of expression and the suitable to privateness within the more and more interconnected private and non-private spheres of recent life.

7. Exploitation

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon raises critical issues about exploitation, particularly concerning the unauthorized use of people’ pictures for leisure and revenue. This exploitation happens on a number of ranges, impacting not solely the people photographed but additionally contributing to broader societal points associated to privateness, dignity, and the commodification of on a regular basis life. Understanding the multifaceted nature of this exploitation is essential for critically evaluating the moral implications of the calendar and its influence on people and communities.

  • Commodification of People

    The core of the exploitation lies within the commodification of people’ pictures. Pictures taken with out consent are used to create a product offered for revenue. This transforms people from customers into commodities, their appearances and behaviors changing into the supply of leisure and monetary achieve for others. The people depicted obtain no compensation and don’t have any management over how their pictures are used, distributed, and doubtlessly manipulated. This act of commodification strips people of their company and reduces them to things of consumption, highlighting the inherent energy imbalance between the photographer and the topic.

  • Benefiting from Vulnerability

    The “individuals of Walmart calendar” usually targets people in susceptible conditions. These experiencing financial hardship, dealing with psychological well being challenges, or just participating in on a regular basis actions is perhaps unknowingly photographed and subsequently mocked for his or her look or habits. This exploitation of vulnerability amplifies the hurt brought on by the unauthorized use of their pictures. The calendar income from the misfortune or perceived eccentricities of others, turning non-public struggles into public spectacles for monetary achieve.

  • Perpetuation of Stereotypes

    The calendar usually reinforces dangerous stereotypes about social class, physique picture, and psychological well being. By selectively capturing and disseminating pictures of people who deviate from societal norms, the calendar perpetuates destructive stereotypes and contributes to a tradition of judgment and mock. This reinforces present societal biases and additional marginalizes susceptible populations. The humor derived from these stereotypes comes on the expense of people’ dignity and reinforces discriminatory attitudes.

  • Erosion of Privateness

    The unauthorized images and distribution of pictures throughout the “individuals of Walmart calendar” contribute to a broader erosion of privateness in public areas. The normalization of any such surveillance and public shaming creates a chilling impact on particular person expression and freedom of motion. The worry of being photographed and ridiculed can result in self-censorship and a diminished sense of autonomy in public life. This erosion of privateness undermines the elemental proper to manage one’s personal picture and restricts the power to navigate public areas with out worry of judgment or exploitation.

The exploitation inherent within the “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon extends past the people depicted, impacting societal attitudes in direction of privateness, dignity, and the commodification of human expertise. The calendar’s continued recognition necessitates a important examination of the moral implications of unauthorized images and the commercialization of vulnerability. By understanding the multifaceted nature of this exploitation, people could make extra knowledgeable choices about their very own participation in and consumption of any such content material, fostering a extra respectful and moral method to capturing and sharing pictures within the digital age. The calendar serves as a cautionary story in regards to the potential penalties of unchecked voyeurism and the significance of safeguarding particular person dignity and privateness throughout the more and more blurred boundaries of private and non-private life.

Incessantly Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread questions and issues concerning the moral and social implications of the “individuals of Walmart” calendar phenomenon.

Query 1: Is it authorized to {photograph} people inside a Walmart retailer?

Typically, images is permitted in public areas, together with privately owned companies accessible to the general public, equivalent to Walmart. Nevertheless, restrictions might exist concerning particular areas throughout the retailer, equivalent to restrooms or becoming rooms. Moreover, utilizing images for business functions, like making a calendar, may require mannequin releases from people depicted.

Query 2: Does the “individuals of Walmart” calendar violate people’ privateness rights?

Whereas authorized precedent usually permits images in public areas, the moral implications of photographing and sharing pictures with out consent are vital. People might need an inexpensive expectation of privateness whereas procuring, even inside a public setting. Utilizing pictures for humor or ridicule, significantly with out consent, will be thought of a violation of privateness, no matter legality.

Query 3: What are the potential penalties for people featured within the calendar with out their consent?

People featured with out consent can expertise varied destructive penalties, together with emotional misery, reputational harm, on-line harassment, and even cyberbullying. The widespread dissemination of their pictures can result in undesirable consideration and scrutiny, impacting their private {and professional} lives.

Query 4: What’s the social influence of the “individuals of Walmart” phenomenon?

The calendar perpetuates stereotypes about social class, physique picture, and particular person expression. It contributes to a tradition of public shaming and reinforces societal biases. Whereas usually introduced as humor, the underlying message will be discriminatory and dangerous, impacting perceptions of marginalized communities.

Query 5: What are the moral issues surrounding the consumption of any such content material?

Shoppers ought to take into account the potential hurt inflicted upon people featured with out consent. Supporting the creation and distribution of such content material normalizes exploitative practices and contributes to a tradition of on-line ridicule. Important engagement with the moral implications of this phenomenon is essential for accountable on-line consumption.

Query 6: How can one contribute to a extra moral and respectful method to images in public areas?

Selling respect for particular person privateness and dignity is paramount. Refraining from photographing people with out their consent, significantly in susceptible conditions, is a vital first step. Difficult the normalization of public shaming and selling important discussions in regards to the moral implications of on-line content material are important for fostering a extra respectful on-line atmosphere.

Understanding the authorized and moral complexities surrounding the “individuals of Walmart” calendar is essential for navigating the more and more blurred traces between private and non-private within the digital age. Respect for particular person privateness and dignity ought to be paramount in each on-line and offline interactions.

The next part explores various views on documenting on a regular basis life in public areas, specializing in moral approaches to road images and social documentary.

Navigating Public Areas Respectfully

This part provides steering on moral issues associated to observing and documenting people in public areas. These tips promote respect, dignity, and accountable engagement with public life.

Tip 1: Prioritize Consent
All the time search consent earlier than photographing or filming anybody. Straight asking permission demonstrates respect for particular person autonomy and ensures moral picture seize. Consent ought to be knowledgeable and freely given, with out coercion or strain.

Tip 2: Respect Context and Privateness
Acknowledge that public areas embody various levels of privateness expectations. People engaged in private actions, equivalent to intimate conversations or susceptible moments, deserve higher consideration than these casually interacting in open areas. Keep away from capturing pictures that may very well be misconstrued or used to take advantage of or humiliate.

Tip 3: Contemplate the Potential Impression
Mirror on the potential penalties of capturing and sharing pictures. A picture shared on-line can attain an enormous viewers, doubtlessly subjecting people to undesirable scrutiny, ridicule, or harassment. Train warning and empathy when making choices about capturing and disseminating pictures.

Tip 4: Problem Exploitative Practices
Actively problem the normalization of exploitative images and the commodification of people in public areas. Converse out towards practices that demean, objectify, or violate particular person privateness. Selling moral requirements helps create a extra respectful and inclusive public sphere.

Tip 5: Have interaction in Important Self-Reflection
Frequently look at one’s motivations for observing and documenting public life. Contemplate the potential influence of 1’s actions on others and try to keep up moral requirements in all interactions. Important self-reflection promotes accountable engagement with public areas.

Tip 6: Educate Others
Share these moral tips with others and promote consciousness of accountable images practices. Encouraging respectful commentary and documentation helps foster a tradition of empathy and consideration throughout the group.

Tip 7: Discover Different Approaches
Contemplate various strategies of documenting public life that prioritize collaboration and respect. Partaking in participatory images tasks or looking for permission to doc particular occasions can provide enriching experiences whereas upholding moral requirements.

Adhering to those tips fosters a extra respectful and moral method to observing and documenting public life. Prioritizing consent, respecting context, and contemplating the potential influence of 1’s actions are essential for accountable engagement with people and communities.

The concluding part will synthesize the important thing themes explored all through this dialogue and provide ultimate reflections on the moral implications of the “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon throughout the broader context of digital tradition and public life.

Conclusion

Evaluation of the “individuals of Walmart calendar” phenomenon reveals a fancy interaction of humor, social commentary, and moral issues. Whereas the calendar’s comedic attraction stems from observations of unconventional habits and apparel inside a well-recognized retail setting, its reliance on unauthorized images raises vital issues concerning privateness, consent, and the potential for exploitation. Examination of the calendar’s underlying themes exposes societal anxieties surrounding class, consumerism, and the boundaries of private and non-private areas. The commercialization of those pictures additional complicates the moral panorama, remodeling on a regular basis people into commodities for revenue and leisure. The dialogue surrounding this phenomenon underscores the necessity for important engagement with the moral implications of on-line content material consumption and the potential for hurt arising from the unchecked dissemination of unauthorized pictures.

The “individuals of Walmart calendar” serves as a microcosm of the broader moral challenges introduced by digital tradition’s intersection with public life. The rising ubiquity of digital camera telephones and social media platforms necessitates a heightened consciousness of the potential penalties of capturing and sharing pictures with out consent. Cultivating a tradition of respect for particular person privateness and dignity inside each bodily and digital areas stays essential. Shifting ahead, fostering open dialogue about accountable image-making practices and selling moral on-line engagement will likely be important for navigating the evolving complexities of public life within the digital age. This requires steady reflection on the potential influence of shared content material and a dedication to upholding moral requirements in on-line interactions.